Key Takeaways:
- Unified binary state tree targets smaller witnesses and faster verification.
- Replaces hexary Patricia trie by merging accounts, storage, and code.
- Simpler merkleization, uniform encoding designed to be SNARK-friendly structures.
Vitalik Buterin has framed state-tree and VM changes as the path to relieve roughly 80% of proving overhead, as reported by crypto.news. The near-term, concrete step is EIP-7864’s shift to a unified binary state tree aimed at smaller witnesses and faster verification.
According to the EIP-7864 specification, Ethereum would replace its hexary Patricia Merkle state trie with a single binary tree that merges accounts, storage, and code into a uniform 32-byte key/value layout. The simpler merkleization and uniform encoding are designed to be more SNARK-friendly than legacy RLP-based structures.
The binary state tree effort is moving forward, while any transition to a different execution VM is longer-term. The Block reports the binary tree work is concrete and in progress, whereas a potential RISC-V VM remains more speculative and lacks broad developer consensus.
State access proofs dominate zk costs when provers must traverse and validate deep, branching tries. CoinCentral notes the binary tree and related execution changes are proposed to cut proving costs and improve ZK efficiency, making witness paths shorter and more uniform in circuits.
Material savings will depend on hash function choice because circuit efficiency varies widely. KuCoin’s coverage highlights that options like BLAKE3 or Poseidon2 are more circuit-friendly than Keccak, but security and ecosystem trade-offs must be weighed before final selection.
Migration and compatibility are non-trivial and will require careful engineering. Discussions on ethresear.ch describe needs such as preimage handling to rebuild keys and an overlay strategy that freezes the old trie while new updates accrue in the binary tree, complicating client implementations during transition.
If executed as designed, L2 rollups that generate state proofs could benefit from smaller witnesses, while node operators and client teams will need to support new encodings and verify both legacy and new paths during cutover. Backward compatibility would rely on maintaining a frozen legacy structure until migration completes safely.
Summarizing the priority, Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum co-founder, said the state tree and VM are “more than 80% of the proving bottlenecks,” as reported by tech.yahoo.com. The estimate situates EIP-7864 as a foundational lever for zk cost reductions even as VM discussions continue separately.
At the time of this writing, broader crypto-market context remains in flux. Based on data from Simply Wall St, Coinbase Global (COIN) last closed at US$175.95 after a 16.0% decline over the past 30 days, underscoring sentiment sensitivity around digital asset activity.
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